U.P. HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES COMMISSION, PRAYAGRAJ SYLLABUS-COMMERCE (SUBJECT CODE-68)

 U.P. 

HIGHER EDUCATION SERVICES COMMISSION, PRAYAGRAJ

 SYLLABUS-COMMERCE

(SUBJECT CODE-68) 


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Unit 1: Business Environment and International Business 

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Concepts and elements of Business Environment: Economic environment- Economic 

systems, Economic policies(Monetary and fiscal policies); Political environment- Role of 

government in business; Legal environment- Consumer Protection Act, FEMA; Socio-

cultural factors and their influence on business; Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), 

Policy Environment : Liberalization Privatisation and globalisation, Second generation reforms, Industrial policy and simplementation. Industrial growth and structural changes. 

Scope and importance of International Business; Globalization and its drivers; Modes of entry into international business, Theories of international trade; Government intervention in 

international trade; Tariff and non-tariff barriers; India’s foreign trade policy, Foreign direct 

investment (FDI) and Foreign portfolio investment (FPI); Types of FDI, Trends in FDI; 

India’s FDI policy, Balance of payments (BOP): Importance and components of BOP, 

Regional Economic Integration: Levels of Regional Economic Integration; Trade creation 

and diversion effects; Regional Trade Agreements: European Union (EU), ASEAN, SAARC, 

NAFTA, International Economic institutions: IMF, World Bank, UNCTAD, World Trade 

Organisation (WTO): Functions and objectives of WTO. 

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Unit 2: Accounting

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Basic accounting principles; concepts and postulates, Partnership Accounts: Admission, 

Retirement, Death, Dissolution and Insolvency of partnership firms, Corporate Accounting: 

Issue, forfeiture and reissue of shares; Liquidation of companies; Acquisition, merger, 

amalgamation and reconstruction of companies, Holding company accounts, Cost and Management Accounting: Marginal costing and Break-even analysis; Standard costing; 

Budgetary control; Process costing; Activity Based Costing (ABC); Costing for decision-

making; Life cycle costing, Target costing, Kaizen costing and JIT, Financial Statements 

Analysis: Ratio analysis; Funds flow Analysis; Cash flow analysis, Human Resources 

Accounting; Inflation Accounting; Environmental Accounting, Indian Accounting Standards 

and IFRS, Responsibility Accounting. 

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Unit 3: Business Economics 

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Meaning and scope of business economics, Objectives of business firms, Demand analysis: 

Law of demand; Elasticity of demand and its measurement; Relationship between AR and 

MR, Consumer behavior: Utility analysis; Indifference curve analysis, Law of Variable 

Proportions: Law of Returns to Scale, Theory of cost: Short-run and long-run cost curves, 

Price determination under different market forms: Perfect competition; Monopolistic 

competition; Oligopoly- Price leadership model; Monopoly; Price discrimination, Pricing 

strategies: Price skimming; Price penetration; Peak load pricing 

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Unit 4: Business Finance 

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Scope and sources of finance; Cost of capital and time value of money, Capital structure, 

Leverages- Operating, Financial & Combined Leverages, EBIT- EPS Analysis, Capital 

budgeting decisions: Conventional and scientific techniques of capital budgeting analysis, 

Working capital management; Dividend decision: Theories and policies, Risk and return 

analysis; Asset securitization, Foreign exchange market; Exchange rate risk and hedging 

techniques, International financial markets and instruments: Euro currency; GDRs; ADRs, 

International arbitrage; Multinational capital budgeting, Portfolio management- CAPM, 

APT; Derivatives. 

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Unit 5: Business Statistics and Research Methods 

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Measures of central tendency, Measures of dispersion, Measures of skewness, Correlation 

and regression of two variables, Association of attributes, Probability: Approaches to 

probability; Bayes’ theorem, Probability distributions: Binomial, poisson and normal 

distributions, Research: Concept and types; Research designs, Data: Collection and 

classification of data, Sampling and estimation: Concepts; Methods of sampling - probability 

and non-probability methods; Sampling distribution; Central limit theorem; Standard error; Statistical estimation, Hypothesis testing: z-test; t-test; ANOVA; Chi–square test; Rank 

correlation test. 

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Unit 6: Business Management and Human Resource Management 

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Principles and functions of management, Planning – Objectives, Strategies, Planning process and decision making, Organization structure: Formal and informal organizations; Span of control, Responsibility and authority: Delegation of authority and decentralization, Directing, 

Motivation and leadership: Concept and theories, Controlling, Corporate governance and 

business ethics, 

Human resource management: Concept, role and functions of HRM; Human resource 

planning; Recruitment and selection; Training and development; Succession planning, 

Compensation management: Job evaluation; Incentives and fringe benefits, Performance 

appraisal including 360 degree performance appraisal, Collective bargaining and workers’ 

participation in management, Personality: Perception; Attitudes; Emotions; Group dynamics; 

Power and politics; Conflict and negotiation; Stress management, Organizational Culture: 

Organizational development and organizational change 

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Unit 7: Banking and Financial Institutions 

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Overview of Indian financial system, Types of banks: Commercial banks; Regional Rural 

Banks (RRBs); Foreign banks; Cooperative banks, Reserve Bank of India: Functions; Role 

and monetary policy management, Banking sector reforms in India: Basel norms; Risk 

management; NPA management, Financial markets: Money market; Capital market; 

Government securities market, Financial Institutions: Development Finance Institutions 

(DFIs); Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs); Mutual Funds; Pension Funds, 

Financial Regulators in India, Financial sector reforms including financial inclusion, 

Digitisation of banking and other financial services: Internet banking; mobile banking; 

Digital payments systems 

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Unit 8: Marketing Management 

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Marketing: Concept and approaches; Marketing channels; Marketing mix; Strategic 

marketing planning; Market segmentation, targeting and positioning, Product decisions: 

Concept; Product line; Product mix decisions; Product life cycle; New product development, 

Pricing decisions: Factors affecting price determination; Pricing policies and strategies, 

Promotion decisions: Role of promotion in marketing; Promotion methods - Advertising; 

Personal selling; Publicity; Sales promotion tools and techniques; Promotion mix, 

Distribution decisions: Channels of distribution; Channel management, Consumer 

Behaviour; Consumer buying process; factors influencing consumer buying decisions, 

Service marketing, Trends in marketing: Social marketing; Online marketing; Green 

marketing; Direct marketing; Rural marketing; CRM. 

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Unit 9: Legal Aspects of Business 

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Indian Contract Act, 1872: Elements of a valid contract; Capacity of parties; Free consent; 

Discharge of a contract; Breach of contract and remedies against breach; Quasi contracts; 

Special contracts: Contracts of indemnity and guarantee; contracts of bailment and pledge; 

Contracts of agency, Sale of Goods Act, 1930: Sale and agreement to sell; Doctrine of 

Caveat Emptor; Rights of unpaid seller and rights of buyer, Negotiable Instruments Act, 

1881: Types of negotiable instruments; Negotiation and assignment; Dishonour and 

discharge of negotiable instruments, The Companies Act, 2013: Nature and kinds of 

companies; Company formation; Management, meetings and winding up of a joint stock 

company, Limited Liability Partnership: Structure and procedure of formation of LLP in 

India, The Competition Act, 2002: Objectives and main provisions, The Information 

Technology Act, 2000: Objectives and main provisions; Cyber crimes and penalties, The RTI 

Act, 2005: Objectives and main provisions, Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) : Patents, 

trademarks and copyrights; Emerging issues in intellectual property, Goods and Services Tax 

(GST): Objectives and main provisions; Benefits of GST; Implementation mechanism; 

Working of dual GST 


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Unit 10 : Income-tax and Corporate Tax Planning 

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Income-tax: Basic concepts; Residential status and tax incidence; Exempted incomes; 

Agricultural income; Computation of taxable income under various heads; Deductions 

from Gross total income; Assessment of Individuals; Clubbing of incomes, Corporate Tax 

Planning: Concepts and significance of corporate tax planning; Tax avoidance versus tax 

evasion; Techniques of corporate tax planning; Tax considerations in specific business 

situations: Make or buy decisions; Own or lease an asset; Retain; Renewal or replacement 

of asset; Shut down or continue operations, Deduction and collection of tax at source; 

Advance payment of tax; E-filing of income-tax returns 

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A PRESENTATION BY DR. PRAVEEN KUMAR 

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टिप्पणियाँ

इस ब्लॉग से लोकप्रिय पोस्ट

PAPER-BUSINESS ORGANISATION QUESTION BANK

हिंदुस्तान जिंदाबाद था, जिंदाबाद है, और जिंदाबाद रहेगा।

What do you understand by business? Describe different types of business activities with examples.